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Secara prinsip proses routing itu tidaklah sulit, mudah untuk dipelajari dan prinsip routing sifatnya universal, berlaku sama pada semua kondisi network. Sulit atau gampangnya melakukan routing tergantung pada kondisi tingkat kompleksitas sebuah network.
Untuk memahami tentang bagaimana proses routing yang terjadi pada router maka kita harus memulainya dari jaringan yang sederhana.
Posting saya kali ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran dasar bagaimana proses routing terjadi, proses routing mengatur bagaimana sebuah paket data dikirim dari sebuah komputer yang adalah anggota dari sebuah network kemudian diteruskan melalui router ke router sehingga sampai kepada tujuannya yaitu komputer lain yang berada di jaringan network yang berbeda.
Dengan diagram network di atas maka marilah kita mulai membahas tentang proses routing.
Dari gambar di atas kita akan bahas bagaimana proses yang terjadi ketika Pengguna atau user dari PC1, IP: 192.168.1.20, yang ada pada Network1 melakukan ping kepada server, IP: 10.1.1.100, yang ada di network2. Paket data Ping atau ICMP ini berisikan alamat tujuan yaitu IP address dari server 10.1.1.100 dan alamat pengirim yaitu PC1, 192.168.1.20
A. Proses Awal di LAN Network 1
Hal pertama yang terjadi pada LAN network 1, ketika PC1 mengirimkan pesan ke server adalah 1. PC1 melakukan proses pengecekan apakah alamat yang dituju apakah berada satu network atau tidak dengan dirinya.
2. Caranya adalah menggunakan protocol ARP atau Address Resolution Protocol. ARP adalah protocol yang berfungsi untuk mencari tahu alamat Mac Address dari sebuah host berdasarkan IP address dari host tersebut. Dengan mengirimkan pesan broadcast layer 2 kepada semua host yang ada di LAN Network1. Para host anggota Network1 menjawab permintaan ARP tersebut.
3. Dari jawaban ARP tersebut diketahui bahwa IP 10.1.1.100 bukan atau tidak berada di network1, hal ini disebabkan oleh protocol ARP hanya bisa bekerja pada segment network yang sama ARP tidak bisa melewati router karena menggunakan metode broadcast.
4. Karena tidak ada satupun host yang terdapat pada network 1 merupakan tujuan dari paket tersebut maka langkah berikutnya adalah paket data tersebut dikirimkan ke alamat default gateway.
5. Default gateway merupakan alamat yang akan dituju jika tujuan dari sebuah paket tidak terdapat network atau segment network yang sama. Jika pada konfigurasi IP address tidak tercantumkan alamat default gateway maka paket yang tujuannya diluar dari network tersebut tidak akan pernah terkirim.
6. Pada contoh ini, alamat default gateway adalah IP address dari interface Router1 yang terhubung ke LAN network 1. Default gateway dari PC1 adalah 192.168.1.1 yang juga merupakan alamat IP dari interface router 1 yang terhubung ke LAN Network1. PC1 kemudian memeriksa ARP cache untuk mencari mac address dari Default Gateway. Setelah ditemukan maka selanjutnya proses komunikasi data antara PC1 dan default gateway yang berada pada LAN yang sama adalah menggunakan alamat mac address.
7. Paket yang berisi ping tersebut diubah menjadi frame dengan menambahkan Mac Address PC1 sebagai pengirim dan Mac Address dari Interface router1 ( default gateway ) sebagai mac address tujuan. Frame kemudian diubah menjadi bit atau byte dan selanjutnya dikirim melalui layer 1 berupa sinyal listrik.
8. Ketika frame diterima oleh router1, oleh router1 frame tersebut diubah menjadi packet dengan membuang alamat Mac address pengirim dan penerima.
B. Proses Routing
1. Router 1 mengecek apakah pada paket, apakah alamat tujuan 10.1.1.100 cocok atau satu segment LAN dengan Interface-interface yang ada pada router 1. Jika tidak maka router1 akan mengecek pada routing table, apakah IP tersebut masuk dalam routing table.
2. Pada routing table dari Router 1 harus terdapat segment network 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0, jika tidak maka paket ICMP atau Ping tersebut dikembalikan kepada si pengirimnya.
3. Jika terdapat pada routing table segment network yang sesuai dengan tujuannya, yaitu 10.1.1.0 maka selanjutnya router akan meneruskan paket tersebut melalui interface yang berhubungan dengan LAN atau segment network di mana tujuan paket itu berada. Pada gambar terlihat interface router1 yang memiliki IP address 172.16.1.1 merupakan interface yang terdekat dengan tujuan dari paket tersebut.
C. Proses Komunikasi Data Pada LAN Network2
Setelah memutuskan kemana paket ICMP akan diteruskan, maka proses selanjutnya adalah proses transfer data dari router2 ke server. Proses ini sifatnya lokal dan hanya melibatkan mac address saja.
Berikut penjelasan detailnya:
1. Karena koneksi antara interface router1 dan router2 merupakan satu sebment LAN maka keduanya berkomunikasi menggunakan alamat Mac address.
2. Proses selanjutnya, paket ICMP dari PC1 diubah menjadi frame, di mana alamat mac address pengirim adalah mac address interface Fa 0/1 dari router1 dan alamat tujuannya adalah mac address interface Fa 0/1 dari router2.
3. Setelah frame terbentuk dan diubah menjadi bit atau byte maka selanjutnya dikirim ke Router2 melalui interface F 0/1. Setelah router2 menerima data tersebut, mac address pengirim dan penerima dilepas, kemudian dicek kembali pada paket tersebut apakah alamat IP address tujuan sesuai atau satu segment dengan IP address dari interface-interface pada router 2. Pada contoh ini terlihat bahwa alamat tujuan IP 10.1.1.100 satu segment dengan interface 10.1.1.1
4. Selanjutnya, sebelum diteruskan melalui interface 10.1.1.1, paket tersebut diubah menjadi frame. Di mana alamat mac address tujuannya adalah Mac address server dan mac address pengirim adalah mac address dari interface router2 yang ber IP address 10.1.1.1.
Karena ini adalah packet ICMP di mana ada paket reply dari penerima ketika paket berhasil sampai ke tujuan atau si penerima. Berdasarkan prinsip atau karakter dari ICMP tersebut maka setelah server menerima pesan tersebut maka server akan mengirimkan pesan balik kepada pengirimnya dalam hal ini PC1, bahwa kirimannya sudah diterima.
Proses pengiriman pesan dari server kepada PC1 adalah kurang lebih sama seperti pengiriman dari PC1 ke server, berikut adalah detailnya;
1. Paket dari server ke PC1 memiliki alamat tujuan adalah ip address dari PC1 192.168.1.20 dan IP address server 10.1.1.100 sebagai alamat pengirim. Packet kemudian diubah menjadi frame, pada tahap ini frame yang terbentuk berisi tujuan berupa alamat mac address dari Interface router2 ( 10.1.1.1 ) dan alamat pengirimnya adalah mac address server.
2. Setelah router2 menerima kiriman tersebut, maka router2 melepas mac address tujuan dan pengirim, dan menyisakan packet.
3. Router dua mengecek kembali apakah Interface-nya yang berada satu segment dengan IP address tujuan dari packet tersebut? Jika ada router tinggal meneruskannya ke interface tersebut. Jika tidak maka router melakukan pengecekan pada routing tablenya.
4. Setelah menemukan bahwa alamat tujuan berada dalam routing table maka router2 bisa menentukan interface mana pada routing tabel yang berkaitan dengan alamat tujuan.
5. Setelah menentukan interface yang tepat, dalam hal ini adalah interface fa 0/1 dari router2 maka selanjutnya, paket diubah menjadi frame dengan menambahkan Mac address interface Fa 0/1 dari router1 sebagai tujuan dan mac address interface Fa 0/1 dari router2 sebagai pengirim.
6. Setelah router 1 menerima dan kiriman tersebut, maka frame pada kiriman data tersebut dilepas. Router1 lalu mengecek IP address tujuan dan memastikan interface mana yang berkaitan dengan Ip address tersebut. Dalam contoh ini, IP address tujuan adalah 192.168.1.20 dan Interface yang tepat atau berada satu segmen adalah interface fa 1/1 dari router1, IP address 192.168.1.1
7. Selanjutnya adalah packet data diubah menjadi frame dengan menambahkan mac address PC1 sebagai tujuan dan mac address interface fa 1/1 router1 sebagai pengirim.
8. Setelah data diterima oleh PC1 maka pada tampilan perintah Ping adalah reply from 10.1.1.100
Tolong Laporkan Jika Ada Link Yang Error Atau Gambar Tidak Muncul :) dan mohon untuk mengklik iklan banner untuk kelangsungan blog :)" Sekalian juga untuk biaya sekolah admin nya. :) terimakasih :) EmoticonEmoticon
Tolong Laporkan Jika Ada Link Yang Error Atau Gambar Tidak Muncul :)
dan mohon untuk mengklik iklan banner untuk kelangsungan blog :)"
Sekalian juga untuk biaya sekolah admin nya. :) terimakasih :)
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